This content is located in CAPS under Network Technologies: Networks for Grade 11.

Understanding the disadvantages of communication channels, particularly issues like Electromagnetic Interference (EMI), Eavesdropping, Attenuation, and Crosstalk, is essential for appreciating the challenges in establishing reliable and secure networks. To make these technical concepts relatable and engaging for Grade 11 students, incorporate practical examples and classroom activities that reflect real-world scenarios.

Making the Concepts Relatable

Start by asking students to think about experiences of interrupted phone calls, poor Wi-Fi connections, or strange noises during conversations over older telephone lines. These instances are caused by the very problems we will explore today.

Electromagnetic Interference (EMI)

EMI occurs when electrical signals from external sources, such as nearby electronics, disrupt data transmission in network cables.

• Activity: Conduct an experiment by placing a working radio or mobile phone near an unshielded cable (e.g., UTP). Ask students to observe how interference affects the quality of signals.
• Real-Life Analogy: Explain EMI using an example of trying to talk to a friend at a noisy party. The noise represents interference making communication harder.

Eavesdropping

Eavesdropping refers to unauthorised interception of data as it travels through a network.

• Demonstration:
  • Use two paper cups connected by a string to simulate a basic communication system.
  • Have a student hold the string lightly in the middle and “intercept” the vibrations as others talk. Explain how unprotected network transmissions can be similarly intercepted.
• Discussion:
  • Highlight the importance of encryption in protecting sensitive information. Show a simple example of encoding a message using substitution ciphers to illustrate encryption basics.

Attenuation

Attenuation is the loss of signal strength as it travels over a distance.

• Visual Aid: Show students how the light from a torch becomes dimmer as you move further away. Relate this to how signals weaken over long network cables.
• Classroom Experiment:
  • Use a long garden hose to demonstrate water pressure loss (symbolising signal strength loss) over distance.
  • Highlight how fibre optic cables mitigate this by transmitting data using light, which travels further with less degradation compared to electrical signals.

Crosstalk

Crosstalk occurs when signals in adjacent cables interfere with one another, causing data errors.

• Interactive Model:
  • Simulate crosstalk by whispering into two cups connected by strings that are tangled together. Students will hear mixed or garbled sounds.
  • Use UTP and STP cables to show how shielding helps minimise crosstalk in real networks.
• Practical Activity:
  • Display a basic network cable (like UTP) and its twisted-pair structure. Explain how the twists reduce crosstalk and compare it to STP cables, which add shielding for further protection.

Consolidating the Learning

1. Scenario Discussions:
   • Ask students to identify which problem—EMI, eavesdropping, attenuation, or crosstalk—might occur in specific situations, such as a busy city, a rural area, or a large office.
   • Have them suggest solutions, such as using fibre optic cables, encryption, or shorter cable runs.
2. Role-Playing Activity:
   • Assign roles for students as “data packets,” “interference,” and “security measures.” Simulate data moving through a network and demonstrate how these issues arise and are mitigated.
3. Real-World Connections:
   • Discuss why fibre optic cables are used for undersea cables and how wireless signals face challenges like attenuation and EMI. Use examples like Wi-Fi interference from microwaves.

By blending technical knowledge with hands-on activities and real-world relevance, students will not only understand these challenges but also develop critical thinking skills to solve them in practical contexts.